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One aim of MOAANS was to determine via factor structure if their assessment battery measured the same constructs in older African Americans and Whites ( Pedraza et al., 2005). While MOAANS is one of the largest normative sets for older African Americans, the sample was limited to adults who were primarily educated in southern segregated schools, which could greatly impact the generalization of their findings to African Americans outside that geographic region.
#DIGIT SPAN BACKWARDS TEST SERIES#
In a series of studies with older adults entitled Mayo’s Older African Americans Normative Studies (MOAANS), Lucas and colleagues ( Lucas et al., 2005a, 2005b, 2005c, 2005 Pedraza et al., 2005 Rilling et al., 2005) developed neuropsychological norms for African Americans based on performance of about 300 cognitively normal older adults who lived near Jacksonville, Florida. Differences in both clinical and healthy populations highlight the importance of cultural influences on neuropsychological test performance. In a clinical group, White patients scored significantly higher than Black patients on many neuropsychological measures, even though the groups had similar diagnoses and age and education were controlled for ( Boone, Victor, Wen, Razani, and Ponton, 2007). In both studies, false positive error rates were essentially reduced by half on all measures when applying ethnicity corrections. Similarly, to evaluate the need for ethnicity corrections in their normative equation, two studies calculated false positive error rates for impairment on neuropsychological measures ( Gladsjo et al., 1999 Norman et al., 2011). False positive rates were 21 to 46 percent higher among the African American participants than the normative population. (2002) researched the false positive rate among neurologically healthy African American adults who scored below normal performance cut offs according to published manuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 28, 361.Ethnic group differences in neuropsychological test performance have long been documented in research literature. Digit span in right and left hemiplegics. Weinberg, J., Diller, L., Gerstman, L., & Schulman, L. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. The Wechsler adult intelligence scale-III. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Corporation. The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (3rd ed.). The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence (1st ed.). The measurement of intelligence: An explanation of and a complete guide for the use of the Stanford revision and extension of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale. Relation of forward and backward digit repetition to neurological impairment in children with learning disabilities. Measurements of short-term memory: A historical review. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12, 29–40. Forward and backward memory span should not be combined for clinical analysis. Separate digits tests: A brief history, a literature review, and a reexamination of the factor structure of the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL).
#DIGIT SPAN BACKWARDS TEST PLUS#
The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. The Clinical Neuropsychologist – Vascular Dementia Special Edition, 18, 83–100. From Binswanger’s disease to Leukoaraiosis: What we have learned about subcortical vascular dementia. Alterations in working memory as a function of leukoaraiosis in dementia. Capacity to maintain mental set in dementia. The impact of region-specific leukoaraiosis on working memory deficits in dementia. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. The WAIS-R as a neuropsychological instrument. Kaplan, E., Fein, D., Morris, R., & Delis, D. Washington, DC: The American Psychological Association. Bryant (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology and brain function: Research, measurement, and practice: Master lectures. A process approach to neuropsychological assessment. Mechanism in thought and morals: An address delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard University, June 29, 1870, with notes and afterthoughts. Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology (Ruger HA and Bussenius CE, Trans) (Original work published in 1885). Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 17, 74–83.Įbbinghaus, H.
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Clock drawing errors in dementia: Neuropsychological and neuroanatomic considerations. Bower, The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (vol.